Mini Microscope

Common bile duct injury is a serious but uncommon complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A case-control epidemiologic study of patients who had undergone cholecystectomy in Ontario, Canada, between 1991 and 1997 was performed. Four patients who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the same hospital 2 months prior to a case were selected as controls. The risk of bile duct injury associated with various exposures was estimated by unconditional logistic regression. There were 28 cases and 88 controls. Emergency operation (adjusted odds ratio = 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-17.8) and failure to identify the cystic duct (adjusted odds ratio = 13.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-76.3) were statistically significant risk factors for operative bile duct injury. No other characteristics were independent risk factors for bile duct injury. Failure to identify the cystic duct and the emergency surgery are independent risk factors for bile duct injury.

GUMMY SMILE CORRECTION

A gummy smile is an excessive display of gum when smiling normally. It is considered by most to be unattractive. In can a consequence of an excessive maxilla (upper jaw bone), a short upper lip or a combination. Treatment can range from aesthetic treatment with veneers to plastic surgical procedures to the gum to bone all the way to orthognathic (jaw) surgery and orthodontics ...